Molecular Modeling Free Essays

MOLECULAR MODELING 1. Objectives ? Predictthe shape of identified compounds; ? Construct molecular models of identified compounds; and ? Determine the molecular structure of identified compounds. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Molecular Modeling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Theory Building models of molecules are useful for visualizing how atoms are connected in three-dimensional space called molecular geometry, which is best predicted by Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSPER) theory. The following are the sets of rules summarizing thsi theory: ? Consider molecules and ions where two or more atoms are bonded to a central atom. The electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom are assumed to position as far apart as possible because electron pair repels one another. The shape of the molecule or ion is a result of the electron-pair repulsion. ? All the valence-shell electron pairs of the central atom are considered both the pairs that form covalent bonds (called bonding pairs) and the pairs that are unshared (called nonbonding pairs or lone pairs). ? The nonbonding pairs help to determine the position of the atoms in the molecule or ion. Valence –Shell-Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory allows the chemist to predict 3-dimensional shape of molecules from knowledge of their Lewis Dot Structure. In VESPR theory, the position of bound atoms (ligands0 and electron pairs are described relative to a central atom. Once the ligands and lone pair electrons are positioned, the resulting geometrical shape presented by the atoms only (ignoring lone pairs) is used to describe the molecule. Electron Density and Molecular Geometry | d(Be-Cl) = 0,117 nm? = 180  °| | | Linear (B-F) = 0,130 nm ? = 120  ° Triangular Planar d(S-O) = 0,150 nm ? = 109 . 5 ° Tetrahedral | | d(P-Cleq) = 0,202 nmd(P-Clax) = 0,214 nm? (ClPCl) = 90  ° ;  ? (ClPCl) = 120  °| Triangular Biplanar | | d(Xe-F) = 0,190 nm? = 90 °| Octahedral 3. Apparatus and Materials 2- Modeling Clay (diff. colors) 1 – Wire (3mm. diameter, 5ft. long) 1- Protractor 4. Procedure 4. 1. Determine the molecular structure of the compounds listed in the tabl e. 4. 2 Fill the table provided for the experiment. 4. 3 Construct the molecular models for each compound. 4. 3. Use color for the central atom diff. from the attached atoms. Use one color for the attached atoms. 4. 3. 2 Make a 2-inch diameter central atom X and ? inch diameter for the attached atoms Y. 4. 3. 3 Cut the wire into 3 inches long. 4. 3. 4 Attach the central atom X to the Y atoms based on the arrangement. 5. MolecularFormula| BondAngles| MolecularStructure| No. ofBond Pairs| No. ofLone Pairs| AngularGeometry| BeCl2| 180 °| | 2| 0| Linear| BF3| 120 °| | 3| 0| TrigonalPlanar| SO4| 109. 5 °| | 4| 0| Tetrahedral| PCl5| 120 °| | 5| 0| TriangularBipyramidal| XeF6| 90 °| | 6| 0| Octahedral| 6. Questions 1. What is valence electron? Give its importance. In chemistry,  valence electrons  are the  electrons  of an  atom  that can participate in the formation of  chemica bonds  with other atoms. Valence electrons are their â€Å"own† electrons, present in the free neutral atom, that combine with valence electrons of other atoms to form chemical bonds. In a single  covalent bond  both atoms contribute one valence electron to form a  shared pair. For  main group elements, only the outermost electrons are valence electrons. In  transition metals, some inner-shell electrons are also valence electrons. Valence electrons can determine the element’s chemical properties and if it will bond with others or not. When two atoms approach each other and react with each other, it is their outer shells that come into contact first, and it is therefore the electrons in their outer shells that are normally involved in any chemical reaction. So it is the number of electrons in an atom’s outer shell that determines, to a large extent, how that element will react chemically. How to cite Molecular Modeling, Essay examples

Analysis Of Strategic Marketing Theories †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of Strategic Marketing Theories. Answer: Overview From the study it is seen that the aim of the study is to teach the students the strategic marketing theories. From the study material, it is seen that the students were taught about the theories of market analysis which were introduced by Porter, in the year of 1979, who stated that the essence of the strategy formulation which is coping with competition, and he then he introduced his famous model of five forces. It is seen that a journal related tostrategic marketing was first came in market in the year of 1980 that popularized the idea of strategic thinking in business organizations (Line and Runyan 2014). In the year of 1979 Porter established the fact that essence of strategy formulation is slowly coping with the market competition and he presented his model of five forces. On the other hand, Anderson introduced another paper that had a strong link between strategy and marketing (Foxall 2014). In his journal, Anderson stressed on a fact that strategic preparation needs a clear o bjective that will guide the functional area of policies and the day to day activities to position itself for future survival (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). To make sure that the marketers select and carry out the right activities, they should give priority to the strategic planning with a two level plan, one is strategic and another one is tactical. The strategic marketing plan actually lays out the target markets and the organizations value proposition that is based on the analysis of the most excellent market opportunities. Tactical market planning states the basic tactics of marketing that includes the features of the products, merchandising, sales channels, pricing, promotional works and many other services (Hollensen 2015). The distinction between these two shows the resonance with the appropriate definition of the strategic marketing planning. The planning process that yields the decisions and how a business organization can compete in the market the organization wants to operate. The strategic market decisions are generally based on the assessments of the products of market and pertain to the basis of the advantage in the market (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). The planning that is the basic output of the process serves as a blueprint for the developmental activities of the skills and the aspect of resources of a business organization, and also specifies the results expected. In many business organizations these activities are referred to as strategic business planning (Wilson and Gilligan 2012). Strategic plans In this section three different plans are discussed that produces the definition of strategic marketing and what is all about planning at the business organizations for commercial success (Line and Runyan 2014). Hierarchy of plans This plan sheds light on the fact that at the corporate level and resulting in markets being responsible to drive the growth for future success of the organization in line with the top level aims. Primarily this growth or success needs to have a specific focus on the clients, not the products as stated in the concept of marketing (Wilson and Gilligan 2012). Resource based view The alternative view to this plan was introduced by Wernerfelt in a journal that primarily focused on the resources of the business organizations those needs to have those resources to imply any strategies that it may desire and the lack of resources becomes an obstacle to enter the participation in the market (Wilson and Gilligan 2012). Strategic branding This plan shows how the branding decisions are made in respect to the marketing and strategic orientation and sheds light on the resource view by stating that it would be possible to look at the brand as a resource and a hub of strategy for the organizations. The concept of brand orientation is the latest approach to brands those focuses on the brands as the main resources and strategic hubs. Particularly, Brand orientation is an approach in which the organizations revolve around the creation, protection of brand identity and development in an ongoing interaction with the target clients with a goal of achieving lasting competitive advantages in form of brands (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). Finally it can be said that, as the global wealth and the growth of the brands over commodities are rising, the marketers and the commoners are looking at the rise of demand for the luxurious brands as a form of status symbol in many nations, and the strategic marketing is becoming necessary day by day. References Wilson, R.M. and Gilligan, C., 2012.Strategic marketing management. Routledge. West, D.C., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Foxall, G., 2014.Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 3). Routledge. Line, N.D. and Runyan, R.C., 2014. Destination marketing and the service-dominant logic: A resource-based operationalization of strategic marketing assets.Tourism Management,43, pp.91-102.

Summary of “Antigone” by Philip Harsh Essay Example For Students

Summary of â€Å"Antigone† by Philip Harsh Essay In â€Å"Antigone† by Philip Harsh, the play Antigone by Sophocles is critisized. Many argue about the originality of the play. Scholars believe that a large portion of the play was made up by Sophocles instead of being reffered to the orginal epic. Characters such as Tiresies and Ismene are only found in Sophocles’s version. The role of Haemon is the most significant in relation to the changes made by Sophocles. When one refers to the epic one will find that this character dies prior to the death of Oedipus Rex. He must have done this to give a touch of romanticism between Antigone and Haemon. We will write a custom essay on Summary of â€Å"Antigone† by Philip Harsh specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many Greek authors wrote their own versions of this play which brings more confusion to the actual story. The play was admired by many in the fifth century BC. When there was word of a performance of the play Antigone, every actor hoped to have a part in the production. The theme of this play is referred to by many as â€Å"a conflict between secular and divine law† (Harsh 103). This is challenged by philosophers of Greek studies. Greeks did not believe that Creon was a tyrant therefore disposing the idea of conflict. These might be concepts present through the play but these are only formed by the defense of Antigone’s point of view (Harsh 104). It is obvious that suspense is present through the entire play. The outcome of this play could have gone either way, negative or positive. â€Å"The suspense is aided by the absence of an expository prologue† (Harsh 104). This is a characteristic of any Sophoclean play. Although this is a tragic play all to its true meaning, there are parts of humor. Some humorous scenes are those of the guards. The climax of the play seems to be the revelation of the betrothat of Antigone to Haemon (Harsh 105). This serves as a cue for Haemon. Two of the main characters, Antigone and Haemon, are never together in any scene. Antigone is said to have not been a guilty party. She was only guilt of having a stubborn determination but this is the whole cause of the play. Creon believed that by her praising her deep her deed it only proves her guilt (Harsh 107). She was just like her father, Eodipus. After Antigone completes her deed, her attitude changes. She no longer maintains her determination. In the final speech made by Antigone in the last scene, she mentions that she would never had done this for her husband or child, this has puzzled many (Harsh 108). This is said to be a psychological and emotional response. It is not unreasonable, therefore, to assume that these lines are genuine and that Antigone is sincere, but she might have actually performed such a deed for her child or her husband† (Harsh 109). Creon should not be considered the antagonist in this play. His case comes with good reason. He believes that Polyneices should be treated as one who has descrated the temple of the gods was only made due to his loyalty. Creon is similar to Antigone in that they both are determined. Some even belive Creon, and not Antigone, is the main character of the play.

Speeches of Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln Compared essays

Speeches of Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln Compared essays Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln are both addressing people who are experiencing a difficult time in history. In fact, both men are facing the issue of a nation at war. Jefferson was speaking to a nation that was seeking its independence from a separate country. Lincoln was addressing a country that was facing an internal war. Both men were forced to look at what government meant for the people and more importantly, they had to decide if that government was worth fighting to keep. In the face of tension and strife, Jefferson and Lincoln produced documents that not only helped to settle growing conflicts, but also helped define America as it In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson is speaking for a group people that desire to break free from the control of Great Britain. He is also addressing the British government. His views must be understood by both sides in order to be successful. Jefferson laid this document out in a superb manner, beginning with the statement that people must, at times, "dissolve the political bands" (Jefferson) which have previously bound them to one another. In addition, it is important to note that at the time, Jefferson and the other framers was drafting an incredible document because they were speaking out against the British monarchy, which was no small event. They were risking practically everything by committing treason. Jefferson believed that the colonists had every right to rebel against Britain. For one thing, they had not considered themselves part of British system for some years. There were two points that caused Jefferson to believe this way. One significant point that Jefferson makes is that all people are created equal and, as a result, have to right to pursue life, liberty, and happiness. These are the infamous inalienable rights with which every American citizen is born. Another point he makes in the Declarati...

Ancient Egyptians Played a Board Game Called 58 Holes

Ancient Egyptians Played a Board Game Called 58 Holes The 4,000-year-old board game 58 Holes is also called Hounds and Jackals, the Monkey Race, the Shield Game, and the Palm Tree Game, all of which refer to the shape of the game board or the pattern of the peg holes in the face of the board. As you might guess, the game consists of a board with a track of fifty-eight holes (and a few grooves), in which players race a pair of pegs along the route. It is thought to have been invented in Egypt around 2200 B.C. It flourished during the Middle Kingdom, but died out in Egypt after that, around 1650 B.C. Around the end of the third millennium B.C., 58 Holes spread into Mesopotamia and maintained its popularity there until well into the first millennium B.C. Playing 58 Holes The ancient game 58 Holes most closely resembles the modern childrens game known as Snakes and Ladders in Britain and Chutes and Ladders in the United States. In 58 Holes, each player is given five pegs. They begin at the starting point to move their pegs down the center of the board and then up their respective sides to the endpoints. The lines on the board are the chutes or ladders that allow the player to quickly advance or to just as quickly fall behind. Ancient boards are generally rectangular to oval and sometimes shield or violin-shaped. The two players throw dice, sticks, or knucklebones to determine the number of places they can move, marked on the game board by elongated pegs or pins. The name Hounds and Jackals comes from the decorative shapes of the playing pins found at Egyptian archaeological sites. Rather like Monopoly tokens, one players peg head would be in shape of a dog, the other in that of a jackal. Other forms discovered by archaeologists include pins shaped liked monkeys and bulls. The pegs that been retrieved from archaeological sites were made of bronze, gold, silver, or ivory. It is quite likely that many more existed, but were made of perishable materials such as reeds or wood. Cultural Transmission Versions of Hounds and Jackals spread into the near east shortly after its invention, including Palestine, Assyria, Anatolia, Babylonia, and Persia. Archaeological boards were found in the ruins of Assyrian merchant colonies in Central Anatolia dating as early as the 19th and 18th centuries B.C. These are thought to have been brought by Assyrian merchants, who also brought writing and cylinder seals from Mesopotamia into Anatolia. One route along which the boards, writing, and seals might have traveled is the overland route that would later become the Royal Road of the Achaemenids. Maritime connections also facilitated international trade. There is strong evidence that 58 Holes was traded throughout the Mediterranean region and beyond. With such widespread distribution, its normal that a considerable amount of local variation would exist. Different cultures, some of which were enemies of the Egyptians at the time, adapted and created new imagery for the game. Certainly, other artifact types are adapted and changed for use in local communities. The 58 Holes gameboards, however, seem to have maintained their general shapes, styles, rules, and iconography - no matter where they were played. This is somewhat surprising, because other games, such as chess, were widely and freely adapted by the cultures that adopted them. The consistency of form and iconography in 58 Holes may be a result of the complexity of the board. Chess, for example, has a simple board of 64 squares, with the movement of the pieces dependent on largely unwritten (at the time) rules. Gameplay for 58 Holes depends strictly on the board layout. Trading Games The discussion of cultural transmission of game boards, in general, is currently of considerable scholarly research. The recovery of game boards with two different sides - one a local game and one from another country - suggest that the boards were used as a social facilitator to enable friendly transactions with strangers in new places. At least 68 gameboards of 58 Holes have been found archaeologically, including examples from Iraq (Ur, Uruk, Sippar, Nippur, Nineveh, Ashur, Babylon, Nuzi), Syria (Ras el-Ain, Tell Ajlun, Khafaje), Iran (Tappeh Sialk, Susa, Luristan), Israel (Tel Beth Shean, Megiddo, Gezer), Turkey (Boghazkoy, Kultepe, Karalhuyuk, Acemhuyuk), and Egypt (Buhen, Thebes, El-Lahun, Sedment). Sources Crist, Walter. Board Games in Antiquity. Anne Vaturi, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, August 21, 2014. Crist, Walter. Facilitating Interaction: Board Games as Social Lubricants in the Ancient Near East. Alex de Voogt, Anne-Elizabeth Dunn-Vaturi, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Wiley Online Library, April 25, 2016. De Voogt, Alex. Cultural transmission in the ancient Near East: twenty squares and fifty-eight holes. Anne-Elizabeth Dunn-Vaturi, Jelmer W.Eerkens, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 40, Issue 4, ScienceDirect, April 2013. Dunn-Vaturi, Anne-E. The Monkey Race - Remarks on Board Games Accessories. Board Games Studies 3, 2000. Romain, Pascal. Les reprà ©sentations des jeux de pions dans le Proche-Orient ancien et leur signification. Board Game Studies 3, 2000.

Enlightenment History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enlightenment History - Term Paper Example It is a natural contradiction, but a legitimate one. â€Å"Man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains.† (e.g., Rousseau, â€Å"Social Contract,† Book I, Part 1) Another idea of the enlightenment was that people should be able to live without fear, free of superstition and blind obedience to the powers and authorities-that-be and that truth is to be found in scientific fact, not in opinion or faith. â€Å"We wish in a word to fulfill the requirements of nature, to accomplish the destiny of mankind, to make good the promises of philosophy... that France, hitherto illustrious among slave states, may eclipse the glory of all free peoples that have existed, become the model of all nations.... That is our ambition; that is our aim. What kind of government can realize these marvels? Only a democratic government.... But to found and to consolidate among us this democracy, to realize the peaceable rule of constitutional laws, it is necessary to conclude the war of liberty against tyranny and to pass successfully through the storms of revolution.† (e.g., Robespierre, â€Å"Speech,† †¦). Enlightenment revolutionaries also believed that differences are nothing compared to similarities, or in the idea â€Å"such as is common† to all humanity. ... The period of Enlightenment also brought us the idea that society is structured by a general philosophy that â€Å"we are what we buy,† or buy into. We must produce and distribute in order to be viable, and many of us today do define ourselves by our jobs. As to religion, Voltaire stated (paraphrased) â€Å"If God did not exist, we'd invent him.† â€Å"It is very true that we do not know any too well what the soul is: no one has ever seen it. All that we do know is that the eternal Lord of nature has given us the power of thinking, and of distinguishing virtue. It is not proved that this faculty survives our death: but the contrary is not proved either. It is possible, doubtless, that God has given thought to a particle to which, after we are no more, He will still give the power of thought: there is no inconsistency in this idea.† (e.g., Voltaire, â€Å"Universal Toleration,† †¦.) Finally, the Age of Enlightenment philosophers taught us that people a re best left self-governed. In the best interests of human rights, the aristocracy (the rich and powerful) cannot be allowed to be the only ruling schema and from this we derived our principle beliefs about democracy. Today, the French Republic is governed by the people and has an elected president and national representatives called a parliament. France was under absolute monarchy (aristocracy) until 1789, then it went to a republic government, back to a monarchy, and finally, by 1850, was a Republic again. Did the revolutionaries transform France into an enlightened nation? Yes. Did the revolutionaries transform the nation of France into an enlightened state of mind? Questionable, at best. The nation still declares itself majorly

What importance do equality and inequality have in the political Essay

What importance do equality and inequality have in the political theories of any two of the political theorists - Locke and Rousseau - Essay Example ncepts of both the theorists Locke and Rousseau and try to have a better understanding of these important concepts and how to incorporate them into society to ensure a better standard of life. According to Locke, in order to understand political power in the right sense of the word, we should first of all attempt to understand man within a natural setting. In such a natural state or condition, man possesses total freedom or liberty to act as he thinks fit. In so doing, a sense of equality is achieved because in his natural setting, all belong to the same species and everyone’s actions are mutual and reciprocal. In such a setting, no one has more power over another, since all men have the same rank and the same advantages without fear of ‘subordination or subjection.’ (Locke, 8) However, Locke draws our attention to an important point that deals with man in his natural settings. He sheds light on the liberty of man by explaining to us that even though man has full liberty to disburse his actions or possessions in any way he deems fit, yet he does not have the liberty to destroy himself. He brings to our notice, that there is a law of nature that governs the state of nature and it is this law of nature that teaches man to reason and makes him responsible for his actions even though he has the liberty to act at his will. Locke, highlights the fact that though mankind are all equal and independent, yet, no one has the right to harm himself, nor his fellow beings life, possessions, his health nor his liberty in any way because everyone was created for the use of the other. (Locke, 9) However, if a person goes against the law of nature, then a person has the right to secure the law of nature by punishing the offender and bringing peace and harmony to the communi ty of mankind. (Locke, 10) In chapter III, Locke speaks in sharp contrast about the State of War, as against the State of Nature. He rightly explains that the state of war only leads to enmity and