How Life Has Changed For African Americans History Essay

How Life Has Changed For African Americans History Essay Life has changed dramatically for African Americans in the last 145 years. African Americans have seen changes to their culture, role in politics, and the economy. African Americans have chosen to progress and change their fate in the past 145 years rather than sit back and simply accept the way that they are treated by others. They prove that a lot can change in a matter of just a few years. President Lincoln ended slavery during the Civil War in 1862. This was called the Emancipation Proclamation. Even though it freed the slaves, some of the slaves stayed with their Masters. They had a comfort level with them and really had no where else to go. Most others were happy to be free and go make a life for themselves elsewhere. Charleston, South Carolina acted as a magnet for many thousands of freed slaves who migrated to the city seeking work after the end of the war, reversing a short-term decline in the citys black population evident in the 1850s (Lockley). African Americans felt that the best way for them to take care of themselves is to own land and till it by their own labor (McGraw-Hill pg478). However, not many owned land after the war as it was hard to come by if you were of color. Just because the laws changed, doesnt mean that opinions changed. White Americans still wanted to control the land and did not want African Americans to have it because that gave more control. Since they were not able to own much of the land, they had to work for the white land owner a lot of the time. Sharecropping became popular during this time. African Americans would live in cabins in distant parts of the white owners land and would farm separate plots of a white owners land. At the end of the year, they split the profit of the crops (McGraw-Hill pg483). African Americans did not have many in political office during this time. Only those in top levels of their own society held any type of office. Most of them were free before the war. The very few that were in office were more conservative than the majority of African Americans and they did not show any interest in the issue of Blacks owning land (McGraw-Hill pg 479). It was important that African Americans had the right to vote. In 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment gave African American males the right to vote. The Fifteenth Amendment does not allow the denial of the right to vote based on race, color or previous conditions of servitude. Blacks were more apt to vote Republican due to the Democratic party being more for the whites (McGraw-Hill pg 481 and 487). While trying to keep the family together was difficult during slavery, it definitely got better after slavery. African American males were proud people and they were the head of the house. They would not allow their wives to work in fields as they did during slavery, but they were sure to have their children in the fields. Next to owning land, education was an important aspect of their lives. It was their hope for bettering themselves. African Americans were able to attend school, worship in churches and own land by the end of 1876. In 1900, Black Americans as a whole increased their wealth holdings from $230,000,000 in 1900 to $500,000,000 in 1910 (Parker). If African Americans were not tilling the land, they had to find work somewhere. They were discriminated against just as women were during this time. Either they were not given the job or they were paid less wages than the white American male (McGraw-Hill pg559). They had a long way to go in the rode to equal rights. After the turn of the century though, black owned businesses started to thrive. Segregation was big during this time. While blacks were able to own businesses, they owned their own business and only blacks shopped there. They worshipped in churches with only their own color and the same with schools. Whites and blacks did not do anything social together. During the 1880s, Redeemers wanted to formalize segregation. Redeemers were Democratic politicians that wanted to overrule any power that the Republicans had with regard to black Americans. The fourteenth amendment gave equal rights to all and the Redeemers were not successful. However, with segregation being an actual law, this allowed for blacks and whites to be totally separate, making blacks second class citizens. Blacks did not dare cross the line of segregation or they were sure to be lynched or whipped (McGraw-Hill pg 505 and 506). In 1905, W.E.B. DuBois, founded the Niagara Movement and by 1909, it was renamed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (McGraw-Hill pg 644 and 645). This organization fights for equal rights for everyone. This was a milestone in the progression for blacks in this country. This organization leads the way to help assist those fighting for their rights even today. W. E. B. Du Bois concept of upbuilding, defined as the social and economic development of black communities after slavery, . . . the literal and figurative construction of the structures African Americans used to climb out of slavery African Americans upbuilt their families, political and social institutions, and businesses in the face of homegrown oppression and terrorism. Within decades, African Americans transformed Durham into the capital of the black middle class.(Adams) In the 1920s, most white Americans understood race as biology: blacks were genetically, irreversibly, inferior in intelligence, emotional maturity, governing capacity, and depth of finer feelings (Hochschild). During the timeframe of 1921-1945, African Americans continued to face prejudice. The Ku Klux Klan was an organization that was violent towards any black person. They would burn crosses on front lawns, rape black women, whip and lynch any black person. This came from such hatred, but they say they are God-fearing. If they are so proud of what they do, why do they wear white hoods hiding their faces? Since segregation was still in place, blacks and whites were not able to be on the same sports teams. In 1920, they formed their own Baseball League called the The National Negro Baseball League. By the end of 1920 and on to the end of 1929, something special came out of Harlem, New York. The music, art, theater, and literature of African-Americans came alive. 1921 saw the renewal of interest in the productive, creative talents of African-Americans. This historical stage was called the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Globetrotters were created in 1927. A lot of entertaining and fun came out of this era. African Americans were finding their way in society, but still separated by the hatred and thought that they were second class citizens. During the Battle of the Bulge, blacks fought side by side for the first time with white soldiers. This may have been the start of some very valuable friendships that started to teach whites that blacks really werent second class citizens. Money was scarce because of the Depression for everyone especially black Americans. By 1932, unemployment hit 50% for African Americans. In 1931, Elijah Muhammad established the Black Muslims. They blended faith and Black Nationalism. He wanted African Americans to celebrate their heritage and have self-discipline. He wanted to strive for a separate black nation. During the timeframe of 1946-1976 a lot of changes took place for African Americans. The NAACP started a more accelerated fight against segregation and discrimination in America. 1953 marked the start of a campaign called the Fight for Freedom. On December 1, 1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated Montgomery, Alabama bus and was arrested. The NAACP wanted to end the unfair treatment of African-Americans as American citizens by the year of 1963 The 100th Anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation. I remember my dad telling me about the time that he lived in Jacksonville, FL in the 1950s and blacks were not allowed to walk on the same side of the sidewalk as whites did. He was surprised by this because he lived in Richmond, IN before moving there and this was a different way of living for him. But, this is how it was in the south. He even befriended a black person and his parents frowned on it. I can remember my mother frowning on me having black friends even in the early 1980s. The 60s brought about the high hope of change for African Americans. Martin Luther King gave everyone hope for peace and equal rights for all. He was able to assist in the Civil Rights act in 1964 and the Voting Rights act in 1965. King spread his message with non-violence. He saw many African Americans fighting for justice through violence and he still tried to get his message across with non-violence. He would let young African Americans know that they did not win anything if people were dying. King was assassinated by James Earl Ray in 1968 (McGraw-Hill). Riots broke out among many. People seemed to forget what Kings message was really about. King wanted change without violence. He wanted change for all poor races, not just African Americans. Many Americans today remember King not as a firebrand radical but as a godly preacher who sought brotherhood and sisterhood among all (Simpson). African Americans have faced many challenges in life. One of the most frustrating would be housing. Over the past 100 years, city planners have used neighborhood planning to address a variety of issues. The formula used has discriminated against blacks and poor families. The thought being that they did not belong in all white middle class neighborhoods. Over a 25-year life of a program designed to renew urban neighborhoods, Congress made various alterations in response to criticisms and concerns, so that the urban renewal program of 1973 was very different than the one originally passed in 1949. Its transformation began with the Housing Act of 1954, in which Congress responded to early criticism of the program by authorizing the use of federal funds for the rehabilitation of housing and neighborhoods rather than just their clearance, and providing a special allocation of public housing units for families displaced by urban renewal projects. The same law was also the first to allow pr ojects that involved commercial development and redevelopment (Rohe). Neighbors, realtors, banks, and mortgage companies play a role in the qualitative immersion into case materials offering important insight on relevant processes pertaining to victimization and status, and how discriminatory actions themselves occur (Roscigno). By the time 1990 came, things were well on their way to improving for African Americans. Oprah Winfrey was the highest paid woman in America and she is also African American. Colin Powell was looked at to possibly be the next president. But, when Rodney King was beaten by Los Angeles police and the police were not found at fault, there was a major set back. Riots filled the streets, people were angry (McGraw-Hill pgs973 and 974). It was like the riots from before. In 1991, economic success ensued. Once declared a slum, people rebuilt old neighborhoods and made them worth several hundred more dollars than before. This was a step forward for African Americans. But, they were leary of the statistics. After going through so much, could it be true? Could things be getting better? The twenty-first century showed the final success for African Americans. It finally happened, a black president. Barack Obama was voted the 44th President of the United States. He was the first African American President. How joyous this occasion was for many. I remember going to McDonalds that day and the air was different in there. Everyone was talking to everyone, white, black, it didnt matter. They just wanted to soak in the moment. It gave us all hope that finally, people would be judged on their actions rather than the color of their skin. The economy in the twenty-first century is horrible for all. The difference between now and 100 years ago is that it doesnt matter if someone is black or white. Black people make the same wages as whites do, black people live in the same neighborhood as white people do. They go to the same schools, worship at the same churches and eat at the same restaurants. Freedom is a beautiful thing for us all. Acceptance is even better. Of course, things are not perfect, I dont know if they ever will be. I see so many homicides on the news. It seems that is mostly African Americans shooting each other for one reason or another. I would say this is our biggest challenge today with regard to the culture of African Americans. How horrifying for families to face this no matter what color or race they are. It would seem that they are still angry about something. Why else would they feel that violence is the answer? There is much success that can show young African Americans that they can succeed. Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Colin Powell, Oprah Winfrey, Whoopee Goldberg, Barack Obama, Sean Combs, just to name ones that come to my mind. They can be doctors, lawyers, basketball players, singers, etc. Never has it been easier to accomplish any goal that they set out to do. But, they still fight each other? I dont understand it and wish I did. Life has changed dramatically for African Americans in the last 145 years. African Americans have seen changes to their culture, role in politics, and the economy. African Americans have chosen to progress and change their fate in the past 145 years rather than sit back and simply accept the way that they are treated by others. They prove that a lot can change in a matter of just a few years.

Research proposal for Risk Management Essay

Introduction: The increasing pace of change, customer demands and market globalization all put risk management high on the agenda for forward thinking companies. Risks cause cost overrun and schedule delay in many projects. The effectiveness of risk management becomes an important issue in project management. To make risk management more efficient and effective, all parties must understand risk responsibilities, risk event conditions, risk preference, and risk management capabilities (Wehrung et al. 1988; Al-Bahar and Crandall 1990) Different parties involved in a construction project face a variety of uncertain factors. These factors can be compiled under the category of risk. Making decisions on the basis of assumptions, expectations, estimates and forecasts of future events involves taking risks. Risk and uncertainty characterize situations where the actual outcome for a particular event or activity is likely to deviate from the estimate or forecast value (Raftery 1994). The definition of risk management varies; risk management is generally defined as, ‘A formal orderly process for systematically identifying, analysing, and responding to risk events throughout the life of a project to obtain the optimum or acceptable degree of risk elimination or control’ (Al-Bahar & Crandall 1990). The objective of my research is to present the perception of typical Chinese contractor towards construction risk. The result of surveys should further clarify the current perception of contractors regarding current construction circumstance in the industry. The data and information will be collected from published statistics, individual interviews and questionnaires, and the data will be used to compare with previous published surveys. The purpose of this comparison is  to identify perception and trends in construction risk management. A basic understanding of current attitudes and trends therefore will be indicated. Then I will adopt some appropriate case to enhance my understanding of my view point. The following proposal presents the ‘What’ and ‘How’ of my study, using an integrated approach to study risk and its management in Chinese construction industry. Brief introduction of Chinese construction industry China’s economy has shown remarkable growth over the past several years and many foreign economists predict a healthy growth in the near future. According to the Chinese Statistical Yearbook 2002, China’s construction industry achieved 646.2 billion yuan in total output value in 2001, accounting for 6.7 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP). China’s construction industry realized 704.7 billion yuan in total output value in 2002 — an increase of 10.54 percent from the previous year’s 637.5 billion yuan — accounting for 6.9 percent of the national GDP. Construction enterprises reached 45,893 by the end of 2001, employing 21,106,600 people and generating 1,536.156 billion yuan in output value and 402.357 billion yuan in added value. Areas under construction totaled 1,883,286,800 square meters; completed areas covered 976.99 million square meters. Profits totaled 29.439 billion yuan in the year, with taxes at 49.903 billion yuan. Of the enterprises, 44,997 were Chinese with 20,986,800 staff members. The companies reaped 1,518.595 billion yuan in output value in 2001 and 398.022 billion yuan in added value. Areas under construction numbered 1,874,480,800 square meters and completed areas completed covered 972.532,300 square meters. Profits reached 28.83 billion yuan, with taxes at 49.392 billion yuan. (China Statistical Yearbook, 2002) Recent trends of risk management in Chinese construction industry For years, the Chinese construction industry has had a very poor reputation for coping with risk, with many projects failing to meet deadlines and cost targets. This can be traced to many causes as Lu mentioned, including: Technical, quality or performance reasons, such as employment of inexperienced designers, changes to the technology used or to industry standards during the project. Organizational problems, such as cost, time and scope objectives that are internally inconsistent, lack of prioritization of projects, inadequacy or interruption of funding, and resource conflicts with other projects in the organization. External problems, such as shifting legal or regulatory environment, poor geological conditions and weather, force majeure. Project management, such as poor allocation of time and resources, inadequate quality of project plan, and poor use of project management disciplines. (Lu 2003) Risk management is still new to China; it was introduced and applied in construction industry for a relative short period. Survey showed that Chinese contractors are often responsible for most risk factors, meanwhile, the use of risk analysis techniques for managing and controlling risk are generally low among the Chinese construction industry. Basically, most contractors still resort to the subjective judgment and practice experience for perceiving and managing risks. However, according to Chinese Statistical Yearbook 2004, situation was improving. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan, China’s construction industry has so far enjoyed a good opportunity for development, more and more parties involved in the construction projects raised their perception of risk and the attitude towards risk management improved. (China Statistical Yearbook, 2004) Literature Review The literature review in this part is mainly about the identification of risk resources, classification of risk, perception of risk and basic theory of risk management as well. Sources of risk There are many resources of risk that an organization must take into account before a decision is made. It is therefore important that these sources of risk are identified allowing the necessary analysis and response to take place. According to Merna and Smith, sources of risk to business from projects including as follows: political, environmental, planning, market, economic, financial, natural, project, technical, regulatory, human, criminal, safety, legal. (Merna and Smith 1996). A source of risk is any factor that can affect project or business performance, and risk arises when this is both uncertain and significance in its impact on project or business performance. Classification of risk It is helpful to try to categorize risk associated with projects both as a guide to identification and to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate risk management strategy. Merna and smith proposed one method to separate the more general risks which might influence a project but may be outside the control of elements; these are referred to as global and elemental risks. Global risks originate from sources external to the project environment. They are often predictable but not always controllable. Global risks can be subdivided into four sections: political, legal, commercial and environmental risk. Elemental risks are those risks associated with elements of the project, namely implementation risks and operation risks, and for some projects there will be financial risks and revenue risks. These risks are more likely to be controllable or manageable by project parties. (Smith 2003) Perceptions of risk Different people will respond to seemingly similar risky situation in very different ways. Risk perception has a crucial influence on risk taking behavior. The perceived importance attached to decisions influences team  behavior and the consequent implementation methods. Subjectivity, according to Merna, is a key factor in assessing risk. Whether a problem is perceived in terms of potential gains or losses will not be assessed as a simple mathematical calculation of the problem, but as a subjective fear, often linked to consequences of outcomes. Furthermore, he stated that risks are perceived by different stakeholders at different business level. Risk management process In construction projects each of the three primary targets of cost, time and quality is likely to be subject to risks. In terms of project implementation, managers need to be able to undertake or propose action which reduce or eliminate the effects of risks. To achieve this aim, a suggested systematic approach to the management of risk is followed: *Risk Identification: To identify the risk resource; *Risk Analysis: To quantify the effects; *Risk Response: To develop management response to risk Methodology In order to collect data and information for the research and examine the main questions raised, the following methodology will be possibly employed: Secondary Analysis Since direct observation is not very accessible in construction industry in China, secondary analysis is more preferable. Secondary analysis is the reanalysis of data that was originally compiled by another researcher for other purposes than the one the present researcher intends to use it for. The sources that I would use include archives, newspaper, and magazine articles. I will try to choose the sources which are more objective. I will adopt appropriate methods to find the useful data and information for my  research on risk management. Questionnaire Questionnaires are an inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially large number of respondents. Often they are the only feasible way to reach a number of reviewers large enough to allow statistically analysis of the results. For my study, the questionnaire is designed to collect data. The data will be compared with data collected from a similar survey conducted in 1979 by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). The purpose of this comparison is to identify ant trends in construction risk that will facilitate risk management. The reasons for me to choose questionnaire as research method as follows: Firstly, a Questionnaire can save resources and money. Although preparation may be costly, any data collection scheme will have similar preparation expenses. The administration cost per person of a questionnaire can be as low as postage and a few photocopies. Time is also an important resource that questionnaires can maximize. Secondly, Questionnaires are easy to administer confidentially. Thirdly, in studies that have resources to pursue other data collection strategies, questionnaires can be a useful confirmation tools. Thus, questionnaires are versatile, allowing the collection of both subjective and objective data through the use of open or closed format questions. Modern computers have only made the task of collecting and extracting valuable material more efficient. Individual Interviews Interviews will enable me to do most of the qualitative part of my research, and the information gained here is usually more realistic. I plan to interview some engineers, some project management team and some experienced project managers as well. In addition, Individual interviews by a way of structured questionnaire will also be used to collect information about the risk management perception. The interview is especially important for some proposed examining questions. I will also attempt to interview some  professional journal editors relating to construction industry. Case Study Case study research is the most common qualitative method used in risk management. As Yin (2002) defined, the scope of a case study as follows: A case study is an empirical inquiry that: *investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, *especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident. For my research on risk management, I will choose some recent cases which relating to risk management as a way of identifying the perception and trends of risk management in construction industry in China. I will select both success and failing cases in Chinese construction industry. Proposed research Timetable I will spend about 4 months for my studies. I plan to spend the first month developing my proposal and methodology and completing the literature review. During this time, I will also try to obtain relevant published data and information. Then I plan to spend about one month in China obtaining statistics, doing questionnaires and interviews. I will spend the next two months in China so as to do some intensive fieldwork, and some follow-up jobs as well. May 2005 – June 2005 *Develop proposal and methodology and complete the literature review *Obtain relevant published statistics June 2005 – July 2005 *Intensive fieldwork in China *Analysis the statistics and data obtained July 2005 – August 2005 *Follow-up questionnaires and interviews and fieldwork in China August 2005 – September 2005 *Mainly work on the thesis (Details see attached Gantt chart) References: Al-Bahar, J. F., and Crandall, K. C. (1990) Systematic risk management approach for construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering Management, 116~3, 533-546. China Statistical Yearbook, 2002, China Statistics Press. China Statistical Yearbook 2004, China Statistics Press. Lu, Y. J. (2003) Risk Management for Large-scale Infrastructure Projects in China, 11 Merna, A. and Smith, N. J. (1996) Projects procured by privately financial concession contracts, vol.1. Asia Law and Practice, Hong Kong. Raftery, J. (1994) Risk Analysis in Project Management. E & FN Spon, London. Smith, N. J. (2003) Appraisal, Risk and Uncertainty. 6, 42-43 Wehrung, D. A., Lee, K., Tse, D. K., and Vertinsky, I. B. (1988). Adjusting risky situations: A theoretical framework and empirical test. Journal of Risk Uncertainty, 2, 189-212. Yin, R. K. (2002) Case Study Research, Design and Methods, 3rd ed. Newbury Park, Sage Publications.

Life and Death in Thomas Do Not Go Gentle and Frosts...

Life and Death in Thomas Do Not Go Gentle and Frosts Stopping by Woods Carpe Diem(seize the day) is a Latin phrase which has come to denote an important literary motif especially common in lyric poetry: the encouragement to make the most of present life while it lasts, or to live for the moment, (The UVic Writers Guide). Both Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening and Dylan Thomass Do Not Go Gentle explore the idea that people should attempt to live life to its fullest. Thomass poem, written to his father, employs a very emotional, pleading style that deeply appeals to the audience, while Frosts poem, a series of thoughts about his own eventual death, exhibits a more pensive, practical, subtle†¦show more content†¦It is an exhortation to end with a bang instead of a whimper (Stanford 117). The theme of Do Not Go Gentle appears throughout every line of the poem. For example, in the line Old age should burn and rave at close of day, (Thomas 2570) Thomas insists that his father not give up or lose heart (Stanford 117) simply because de ath is approaching. Curse, bless, me now, with your fierce tears I pray (Thomas 2570) is a plea for the persistence of individuality to the end, without remission, (Stanford 117). Thomas desperately wants his father to fight his impending death, instead of simply accepting it. Thomas attempts to raise the father?s spirits and hopes with optimistic examples of those who do not simply acquiesce to death. Some of these examples are wise men, good men, wild men, and grave men (Thomas 2570). Thomas wants to impress upon his father that he has a choice to make; he can either choose to comply to death or he can fight it with all of his remaining energy. Thomas engages an imperative, urgent tone to enthuse his father and to point out how little time the old man has left. This tone is evident throughout the poem, but especially in the last stanza. As the poem progresses, Thomas? insistence increases; he becomes more and more frantic and determined to convince his father to stay alive as time is running out. Using metaphors comparing death to other objects and events, Thomas tries to make death seem lessShow MoreRelated Life and Death in Frosts Stopping by Woods and Thomas Do Not Go Gentle 1545 Words   |  7 PagesLife and Death in Frosts Stopping by Woods and Thomas Do Not Go Gentle  Ã‚   Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening and Dylan Thomas Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night reflect deeply on both life and death. Frost interprets death as rest and peace from a hard and deserving life, whereas Thomas depicts death as an early end to an unfulfilled life. Contrary to Thomass four characters who rage against death because of its premature arrival, Frosts speaker accepts death but

How Sexuality and Faith Are Essential to a Persons Life...

In Erotic Journeys: Mexican Immigrants and their Sex Lives by Gloria Gonzalez-Lopez she expands on what the definition of the Mexican culture is. She compares the Mexican society to the society in LA. She discusses multiple things one of the things she discusses in her book is the meaning of virginity in the family and what sex represents. Gonzalez-Lopez interviews many individuals to talk about their culture and how they felt living in Mexico and how their points of views changed once they moved to LA. Religion and traditions are deeply integrated withing the Mexican culture. It’s drilled in the female’s mind to stay a virgin for her future husband and having sex with someone other than her future husband puts her family’s reputation on†¦show more content†¦But now that’s all over† (Gonzalez-Lopez, 18). This is a small example of how people that came from an oppressive culture get more opportunities once they move to a more liberal country. Many people in these cases are stuck in their culture. They are stuck in societies where their futures are decided for them and they need to behave in a specific way or their reputation is ruined. Sex is a hidden topic in Mexico, because many families believe that if sex is talked about with their daughters it will make them want to rebel and try it. When families, like such, immigrate to the US they are introduced to AIDS, drugs, alcohol, and gangs. They are then faced with the choice whether to educate their daughters about sex and hope she makes the right choice or keep her ignorant and have her life in danger. In Mexico, sex is a family affair, but when they come to the US they realize they have no control over their families, daughter, or their reputation anymore. Peer pressure affects their daughter and sons and many of them end up getting addicted to drugs because they have never been integrated in such a culture. They loose their sense of belonging, forget their culture, an d trail away from their religion and their beliefs. â€Å"†¦I know that my daughters are taking a higher risk over here than if I want back to live in Mexico†¦Had I stayed in Mexico, sex education would not have been the same†¦I learned about the malevolence that exists in the US†Show MoreRelatedSexual Education Classes Should Be Taught1168 Words   |  5 Pagesin public schools to benefit the adolescents who are more susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases, who are sexually active, and who lack positive decision making skills. â€Å"Educators feel apprehensive or unsure in tackling the topics of sex, sexuality, and sexual health. 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